Campylobacter coli

Campylobacter coli is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-endospore-forming, S-shaped bacterial species within genus Campylobacter. is a gram-negative bacterium that appears in most stool sample with diarrhea. But that does not exclude some strains of E. coli that are known to be harmless and residents of the human gut. In the year 1886, Theodor Escherich established that spiral form bacteria were noted in the stool specimen and large intestinal mucous of neonates (an infant less than 4 weeks), and kittens. Throughout that century, publication of the organism in the “spirilla” form description came mainly in German language (Kist M., 1986). However, it was not until 1957, as widely spread as the bacteria were, Campylobacter was still not implicated in the human diarrhea. Further to this, in 1973, Campylobacter as a new genus was proposed and in the 1980s, the importance of the genus in the human infection of gastroenteritis was given full recognition (David and Ban, 2001). Campylobacter species lives in the intestine of poultry animals, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Additionally, Campylobacter colonized the intestine of pets such as dogs and cats. As well, it has also been found in shellfish (WHO, 2018). Campylobacter coli belongs to the pathogen that are leading in the food borne illness in developed countries. Although Campylobacter jejuni is the predominant causative agent of most Campylobacteriosis /gastroenteritis. While C. jejuni caused 90% of the disease, Campylobacter coli is known to cause 10% of most diarrhea infection (Shams et al., 2019). The disease caused by Campylobacter species are transmitted to the human through eating uncooked or partially cooked raw meat from the animals above. Hence, the disease is known as Zoonosis. It is of utmost necessity for countries with inadequate sewage disposal system to disinfect faeces and article soiled with faeces before disposal; Food chain, starting from agricultural products on the farms to manufacturing and preparation of foods both for family and sales purpose should have control measures (WHO, 2018). Campylobacter are microaerophilic, fastidious organisms that becomes stressed in aerobic condition, temperature variations, osmotic balances, and starvation. However, in the community of Campylobacter species, Campylobacter coli has been discovered to be more aerotolerant than Campylobacter jejuni; this explains the increasing survival and transmission of the strains during stressful processing and storage conditions (Karki et al., 2019). Gastroenteritis is an infection that is known to be self-limiting with intake of more electrolytes. While extra fluid is required of an infected person for as long as the diarrhea last, antibiotics are needed for people with compromised immune system. Strains of C. coli are resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline, ciprofloxacin; nalidixic acid; streptomycin; erythromycin and chloramphenicol. However, Campylobacter coli is sensitive to Gentamicin (Obesity, Fitness and Wellness week, 2019). In a similar way, that antibiotics works against the pathogens, citrus fruit extract has shown some bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on some strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Some of which are C. coli, E. coli; Salmonella enterica ssp., C. jejuni, S. aureus, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens. The product’s mode of action has been the important changes in their permeability, structure, composition and morphology of the bacterial envelope (Obesity, 2018). C. coli grows slowly with an optimum temperature of 42 °C. When exposed to air for long periods, they become spherical or coccoid shaped.