Equivalent and Effective Conductivities of Heterogeneous Aquifers for Steady Source Flow, with Illustration for Hydraulic Tomography

Abstract The effective conductivity of heterogeneous aquifers Kefu relates the mean flux to the mean head gradient in mean uniform (natural gradient) flow. While Kefu depends on the hydraulic conductivity K statistical moments (KG, the geometric mean and σ Y 2 , the logconductivity variance for a given structure model) it is not a local property for strongly nonuniform well flow.In hydraulic tomography, flow to a short well segment which is considered here, can be approximated by that toward a source in a three-dimensional heterogeneous medium. We investigate the equivalent conductivity Keq, which unlike Kefu, is a measurable property, directly related to the head H (or its mean) and the discharge. The dependence of Keq on K statistics and distance r from the source is determined for steady source flow in a formation of random stationary and statistically isotropic K. For the first time Keq is derived by numerical simulations for σ Y 2 ≤ 4. The derivation of the transition of Keq from the local exact value for r/I  σ Y 2 and I, from H measurements, demonstrates the promise of the method and calls for its further development and validation.