Effect of Fe Concentration on Ferroelectric and Magnetic Properties of Lead Iron Niobate

Lead iron niobate (PFN) is a promising type-I multiferroic material. It is recognized for its use in integrated magnetoelectric energy conversion. The preparation of the single crystal symmetry phase of PFN is difficult, and its magnetic and ferroelectric properties are still under study. PFN with different iron concentrations, i.e., PbNb1−xFexO3 with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, have been prepared by the solid-state method, and its physical properties have been explored. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis reveals the crystallization of the materials in the perovskite structure. No pyrochlore phases have been observed within the XRD detection limit. The observed XRD peaks correspond to the monoclinic structure with the Cm space group. Raman analysis shows lattice strain in the samples. The magnetization increases with the increase in Fe content in the sample. Maximum magnetization has been observed for 50 mol.% of Fe in PFN. Arrott plot analysis shows the materials to be antiferromagnetic. Remnant electric polarization and coercivity of PFN increase with the increase of iron concentration in the sample.