Prosopis sp. tree-ring oxygen and carbon isotope record of regional-scale hydroclimate variability during the last 9500 years in the Atacama Desert

Abstract The hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert is one of the most persistently arid environments in the world, yet there is evidence of significant hydroclimate variability during the Holocene. The timing of regional scale pluvialor humid periods has important implications for understanding the drivers of South American climate variability as well as the development of agriculture by prehistoric cultures. Here we present oxygen ( δ18O) and carbon ( δ13C) isotope values from ancient Prosopissp. tree-ring cellulose as a record relative humidity (RH) and water availability (via intrinsic water–use efficiency) over century–long intervals throughout the past 9.5 ka in the northern Atacama Desert (19–21°S). These data provide the first high–resolution (ca. annual) evidence for decreasing water availability and increasing climate variability in the Atacama from the early-to late- Holocene. Intrinsic water–use efficiencysteadily increases over the Holoceneindicating a lowering of the water table and a reduction in the availability of groundwater resources in the region. As water availability decreases, δ18O-based estimates of RH show increased variance beginning ∼ 4.9 ka. This change in RH coincides with the onset of modern day Central Andean atmospheric circulationpatterns and previously documented humid periods in the southern Altiplano (22–24°S). Subannual tree-ring isotope analysisof modern and early Holocene(8.3 ka) trees show a similar seasonal cycle in carbon isotope values that correlates with modern annual changes in temperature; however, the early Holoceneinterseasonal variability is greater than modern seasonality. δ18Ovalues of the Atacama tree-rings are highly correlated with those of the Sajama ice corefrom the Bolivian Andes, demonstrating a teleconnectionbetween high-altitude Andean precipitation and water availability in the Atacama Desert. These reconstructions together provide a record of Holocenewater availability and ephemeral recharge related to changes in ENSO and South American monsoon.