Training the Polarization in Integrated La0.15Bi0.85FeO3-Based Devices

The functionalities of BiFeO3 -based magnetoelectric multiferroic heterostructures rely on the controlled manipulation of its ferroelectric domains and of the corresponding net in-plane polarization, as this aspect guides the voltage-controlled magnetic switching. Chemical substitution has emerged as a key to push the energy dissipation of the BiFeO3 into the attojoule range but appears to result in a disordered domain configuration. Using non-invasive optical second-harmonic generation on heavily La-substituted BiFeO3 films, we show that a weak net in-plane polarization remains imprinted in the pristine films despite the apparent domain disorder. We find that this ingrained net in-plane polarization can be trained with out-of-plane electric fields compatible with applications. Operando studies on capacitor heterostructures treated in this way show the full restoration of the domain configuration of pristine BiFeO3 along with a giant net in-plane polarization enhancement. Thus, our experiments reveal a surprising robustness of the net in-plane polarization of BiFeO3 against chemical modification, an important criterion in ongoing attempts to integrate magnetoelectric materials into energy-efficient devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.