Comparison of historical bottleneck effects and genetic consequences of re‐introduction in a critically endangered island passerine

Re-introduction is an important tool for recovering endangered species; however, the magnitude of genetic consequences for re-introduced populations remains largely unknown, in particular the relative impacts of historical population bottleneckscompared to those induced by conservation management. We characterize 14 microsatellite loci developed for the Seychelles paradise flycatcherand use them to quantify temporal and spatial measures of genetic variation across a 134-year time frame encompassing a historical bottleneckthat reduced the species to ~28 individuals in the 1960s, through the initial stages of recovery and across a second contemporary conservation-introduction-induced bottleneck. We then evaluate the relative impacts of the two bottlenecks, and finally apply our findings to inform broader re-introduction strategy. We find a temporal trend of significant decrease in standard measures of genetic diversityacross the historical bottleneck, but only a nonsignificant downward trend in number of alleles across the contemporary bottleneck. However, accounting for the different timescales of the two bottlenecks(~40 historical generations versus <1 contemporary generation), the loss of genetic diversityper generation is greater across the contemporary bottleneck. Historically, the flycatcherpopulation was genetically structured; however, extinction on four of five islands has resulted in a homogeneous contemporary population. We conclude that severe historical bottleneckscan leave a large footprint in terms of sheer quantity of genetic diversitylost. However, severely depleted genetic diversitydoes not render a species immune to further genetic erosionupon re-introduction. In some cases, the loss of genetic diversityper generation can, initially at least, be greater across re-introduction-induced bottlenecks.