γδ T Cells Are Required for the Induction of Sterile Immunity during Irradiated Sporozoite Vaccinations

Whole-sporozoite vaccines confer sterilizing immunity to malaria-naive individuals by unknown mechanisms. In the first PfSPZ Vaccine trial ever in a malaria-endemic population, Vδ2 γδ T cells were significantly elevated and Vγ9/Vδ2 transcripts ranked as the most upregulated in vaccinees who were protected from Plasmodium falciparum infection. In a mouse model, absence of γδ T cells during vaccination impaired protective CD8 T cell responses and ablated sterile protection. γδ T cells were not required for circumsporozoite protein–specific Ab responses, and γδ T cell depletion before infectious challenge did not ablate protection. γδ T cells alone were insufficient to induce protection and required the presence of CD8α + dendritic cells. In the absence of γδ T cells, CD8α + dendritic cells did not accumulate in the livers of vaccinated mice. Altogether, our results show that γδ T cells were essential for the induction of sterile immunity during whole-organism vaccination.