Understanding Time Dependence on Zinc Metal–Organic Framework Growth Using in Situ Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

The abundance of novel metal–organic framework (MOF) materials continues to increase as more applications are discovered for these highly porous, well-ordered crystalline structures. The simplicity of constituents allows for the design of new MOFs with virtue of functionality and pore topology toward target adsorbates. However, the fundamental understanding of how these frameworks evolve during nucleation and growth is mostly limited to speculation from simulation studies. In this effort, we utilize a unique vacuum compatible system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) microfluidic interface to analyze the formation and evolution of the benchmark MOF-74 framework using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Principal component analysis of the SIMS mass spectra, together with ex situ electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and porosimetry, provides new insights into the structural growth, metal–oxide cluster formation, and aging process of Zn-MOF-74. Samples col...