The role of neonatal imitation in the development of early bonds and the experience of parental efficacy

The notion of an innate capacity for imitation, arguably signified by neonatal imitation, has been the subject of passionate debate for the last 35 years. Although it is widely accepted that neonates match tongue protrusion (TP) gestures, disagreement persists regarding the mechanism and function of neonatal imitation. Given that neonatal imitationhas been proposed to be a primitive mechanism that evolved to elicit and maintain early interactions to serve interpersonal and communicative functions, we argue that imitativeexchanges between newborns and caregivers foster a strengthened bond and sense of parental efficacy. Using archived imitationfootage collected at one week of age, Experiment 1 retrospectively explored the relationship between neonatal imitationand the early maternal bondsand feelings of efficacy (N = 29). Experiment 2 investigated this relationship concurrently, measuring the development of paternal, as well as maternal, bondingand efficacy (N = 13). Although no evidence for TP imitationat a group level was found in either experiment, some infants showed evidence of neonatal imitationand we analysed the data on this premise. There was no relationship between imitativeTP and maternal bondingand efficacy in either experiment, and no association between TP imitationand paternal bondingor efficacy in Experiment 2. Fundamental limitations of the study are addressed and the implications are discussed, highlighting recommendations for future research.