Sino-European differences in the genetic landscape and clinical presentation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.

CONTEXT Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are characterized by distinct genotype-phenotype relationships according to studies largely restricted to Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVE To assess for possible differences in genetic landscapes and genotype-phenotype relationships of PPGLs in Chinese versus European populations. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Two tertiary-care centers in China and nine in Europe. PARTICIPANTS Patients with pathologically-confirmed diagnosis of PPGL, including 719 from China and 919 Europeans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Next generation sequencing performed in tumor specimens with mutations confirmed by Sanger sequencing and tested in peripheral blood if available. Frequencies of mutations were examined according to tumor location and catecholamine biochemical phenotypes. RESULTS Among all patients, higher frequencies of HRAS, FGFR1 and EPAS1 mutations were observed in Chinese than Europeans, whereas the reverse was observed for NF1, VHL, RET and SDHx. Among patients with apparently sporadic PPGLs, the most frequently mutated genes in Chinese were HRAS (16.5[13.6-19.3]% vs 9.8[7.6-12.1]%) and FGFR1 (9.8[7.6-12.1]% vs 2.2[1.1-3.3]%), whereas among Europeans the most frequently mutated genes were NF1 (15.9[13.2-18.6]% vs 6.6[4.7-8.5]%) and SDHx (10.7[8.4-13.0]% vs 4.2[2.6-5.7]%). Among Europeans, almost all paragangliomas lacked appreciable production of epinephrine and identified gene mutations were largely restricted to those leading to stabilization of hypoxia inducible factors. In contrast, among Chinese there was a larger proportion of epinephrine-producing paragangliomas, mostly due to HRAS and FGFR1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes Sino-European differences in the genetic landscape and presentation of PPGLs, including ethnic differences in genotype-phenotype relationships indicating a paradigm shift in our understanding of the biology of these tumors.