The relationship between clinician leverage, patient experiences, and and the impact of stigma: a study in academic and community outpatient psychiatry settings.

Abstract Objective Various methods are used to induce or pressure patients into being more adherent with treatment; collectively, we can describe them as leverage. Leverage strategies are common in psychiatric services, and may carry unintended, potentially negative effects. We examine their relationships to experiences and impact of stigma. Methods Data from 137 researcher-administered surveys with adult general psychiatry patients from hospital and community psychiatric services in Toronto, Canada were analyzed, including socio-demographics, service use history, current level of symptoms, insight into mental illness, and stigma scores. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed to guide generalized linear models to examine the relationships between multiple domains of leverage and experiences and impact of stigma. Results Use of leverage strategies is prevalent, ranging from outpatient commitment (10.2%) to financial (21.2%) to access to children or family (31.2%). Regression analyses show being female, having high psychiatric symptomology, financial leverage, and family and/or child access leverage were significantly correlated with stigma experience; similarly, these same factors, except for being female, were also associated with stigma impact. Conclusion This cross-sectional study shows a significant association between use of some types of leverage and experience and impact of stigma in general psychiatry patients. Care and balance between good intentioned but potentially stigmatizing leveraging practices should be actively considered in clinical decisions to avoid the unintended negative effects.