Evolution and extinction of the giant rhinoceros Elasmotherium sibiricum sheds light on late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions
2019
Understanding
extinction eventsrequires an unbiased record of the chronology and ecology of victims and survivors. The
rhinoceros
Elasmotheriumsibiricum, known as the ‘Siberian
unicorn’, was believed to have gone
extinctaround 200,000 years ago—well before the late Quaternary megafaunal
extinction event. However, no
absolute dating, genetic analysis or
quantitative ecologicalassessment of this species has been undertaken. Here, we show, by
accelerator mass spectrometry
radiocarbon datingof 23 individuals, including cross-validation by compound-specific analysis, that E. sibiricum survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago, corroborating a wave of megafaunal turnover before the
Last Glacial Maximumin Eurasia, in addition to the better-known late-glacial event. Stable isotope data indicate a dry steppe niche for E. sibiricum and, together with morphology, a highly specialized diet that probably contributed to its
extinction. We further demonstrate, with DNA sequencing data, a very deep phylogenetic split between the subfamilies Elasmotheriinae and Rhinocerotinae that includes all the living rhinoceroses, settling a debate based on fossil evidence and confirming that the two lineages had diverged by the Eocene. As the last surviving member of the Elasmotheriinae, the demise of the ‘Siberian
unicorn’ marked the
extinctionof this subfamily.
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