Escape or be Preyed: New Records and Current Knowledge on Predators of Pseudinae Frogs (Anura: Hylidae) in South America

Neotropical amphibians play important roles as preys and predatorsin freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The subfamily Pseudinaeincludes small and medium-sized frogs within three genera representing 13 valid species. Most published records of predationon Pseudinaefrogs are anecdotic and scarce. Herein, we provide five new reports of predationand presenting a detailed literature review on Pseudinae predation, with 15 studies published between 1983-2017. Pseudinaespecies were preyed at both dayand nightby a wide variety of predators, principally birds. Adults were preyed upon more frequently than juveniles and tadpoles. In the present study, most predatorswere diurnal, with birds accounting for most records. A variety of invertebratesprey on anurans, but water bugs and spiders are the most common ones. In the present study, water bugs comprised 75 % of the Pseudinae predationrecords by invertebrates. However, anuran predationby invertebratesremains poorly documented. Thus, the description of new cases of predationaccompanied by a review of the data available in the literature is crucial to understanding Neotropical food webs.