The Origins and Evolution of Ornamental Lakes in English Designed Landscapes

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the origins and evolution of ornamentallakes in England, to establish when they first appeared, how they were constructed and what factors led to their emergence. For the purposes of this study, a lake is defined as a man-made piece of water covering one hectare or more. To aid discussion and analysis, a classification system to describe lakes has been drawn up, the two main categories being geometric and irregular lakes, with sub-divisions. The investigation begins with an appraisal of water in landscapes preceding the eighteenth century, with a focus on fishponds (vivaria), and elements such as moats, millponds and water-gardens. The appearance and development of ornamentallakes in the early eighteenth century is then explored in depth, as is the work of Lancelot Brown. The contribution of other lake-makers such as Richard Woods and William Emes is also examined. Humphry Reptoni?½s work, and the impact of the Picturesque on lakes, are evaluated to assess their importance in the evolution of lakes, and the chronological study extends into the late nineteenth century. The construction of lakes is investigated, and related to different lake types. Also, the question of whether lakes were lined to retain water is considered. Geological and topographical factors are also studied in order to see how they might affect the construction and siting of lakes. The reasons for the emergence of ornamentallakes are also explored, and these include the fact that landscapes increased in size around 1700 and became less symmetrical, the effect of the Grand Tour, and the paintings associated with it, and the changing ways in which parks were used.