Tamm Review: Reforestation for resilience in dry western U.S. forests

Abstract The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestationefforts in many dry, western U.S. forests. Challenges to reforestationinclude the cost and safety concerns of replantinglarge areas of standing dead trees, and high seedling and sapling mortality rates due to water stress, competing vegetation, and repeat fires that burn young plantations. Standard reforestationpractices have emphasized establishing dense conifer cover with gridded planting, sometimes called 'pines in lines', followed by shrub control and pre-commercial thinning. Resources for such intensive management are increasingly limited, reducing the capacity for young plantations to develop early resilience to fire and drought. This paper summarizes recent research on the conditions under which current standard reforestationpractices in the western U.S. may need adjustment, and suggests how these practices might be modified to improve their success. In particular we examine where and when plantations with regular tree spacing elevatethe risk of future mortality, and how planting density, spatial arrangement, and species composition might be modified to increase seedling and sapling survival through recurring drought and fire events. Within large areas of contiguous mortality, we suggest a “three zone” approach to reforestationfollowing a major disturbance that includes; (a) working with natural recruitment within a peripheral zone near live tree seed sources; (b) in a second zone, beyond effective seed dispersalrange but in accessible areas, planting a combination of clustered and regularly spaced seedlings that varies with micrositewater availability and potential fire behavior; and (c) a final zone defined by remote, steep terrain that in practice limits reforestationefforts to the establishment of founder stands. We also emphasize the early use of prescribed fire to build resilience in developing stands subject to increasingly common wildfires and drought events. Finally, we highlight limits to our current understanding of how young stands may respond and develop under these proposed planting and silviculturalpractices, and identify areas where new research could help refine them.