How reliable are decadal climate predictions of near-surface air temperature?

The EUCP project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement 776613. The research leading to these results has also received funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades as part of the CLINSA project with funding reference CGL2017-85791-R. MGD is also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Grant RYC-2017-22964. BSM acknowledges financial support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 713673 and from a fellowship of “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/IN17/11620038. SW has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433. We acknowledge the use of the s2dverification (Manubens et al. 2018), startR (BSC/CNS and Manubens 2020), SpecsVerification (Siegert 2017), CSTools (Perez-Zanon et al. 2019), ClimProjDiags (BSC/CNS et al. 2020), and boot (Davison and Hinkley 1997; Canty and Ripley 2020) R (R Core Team 2013) software packages. We also thank Nicolau Manubens, An-Chi Ho, Pablo Ortega, Rashed Mahmood, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, and Roberto Bilbao from the BSC for their technical and scientific support. We further express our gratitude to Charles Pelletier from ELI for his careful reading of the manuscript. Finally, we would like to thank Antje Weisheimer (University of Oxford) and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that helped us greatly improve this article.