Applications of Nuclear-based Imaging in Gene and Cell Therapy – Probe Considerations.

Abstract Several types of gene and cell-based therapeutics are now emerging in the cancer immunotherapy, transplantation and regenerative medicine landscapes. Radionuclear-based imaging can be employed as a molecular imaging tool for their repetitive and non-invasive visualization as well as in vivo monitoring of therapy success. Here we discuss the principles of nuclear-based imaging and provide a comprehensive overview of its application in gene and cell therapy. This review aims to inform investigators in the biomedical field as well as clinicians on the state of the art of nuclear imaging, from probe design to available radiopharmaceuticals and advances of direct (probe-based) and indirect (transgene-based) strategies in both preclinical and clinical settings. Notably, as the nuclear-based imaging toolbox is continuously expanding, it will be increasingly incorporated into the clinical setting where the distribution, targeting and persistence of a new generation of therapeutics can be imaged and ultimately guide therapeutic decisions.