Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
2021
- Juan-Carlos Algaba
- Jadyn Anczarski
- Keiichi Asada
- Mislav Baloković
- S. Chandra
- Y.Z. Cui
- A. D. Falcone
- Marcello Giroletti
- Ciriaco Goddi
- Kazuhiro Hada
- Daryl Haggard
- Svetlana G. Jorstad
- A. Kaur
- Tomohisa Kawashima
- G. Keating
- J Y Kim
- Motoki Kino
- S. Komossa
- E. V. Kravchenko
- Thomas P. Krichbaum
- S. S. Lee
- R.-S. Lu
- M Lucchini
- Sera Markoff
- J Neilsen
- Michael A. Nowak
- J. Park
- Giacomo Principe
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
- M.T. Reynolds
- Mahito Sasada
- S. S. Savchenko
- K. E. Williamson
- Kazunori Akiyama
- Antxón Alberdi
- Walter Alef
- Richard Anantua
- R. Azulay
- Anne-Kathrin Baczko
- David Ball
- John E. Barrett
- Dan Bintley
- Bradford Benson
- Lindy Blackburn
- Raymond Blundell
- W. Boland
- Katherine L. Bouman
- Geoffrey C. Bower
- Hope Boyce
- Michael Bremer
- Christiaan D. Brinkerink
- Roger Brissenden
- Silke Britzen
- Avery E. Broderick
- Dominique Broguiere
- Thomas Bronzwaer
- Do-Young Byun
- John E. Carlstrom
- Andrew Chael
- Chi-kwan Chan
- Shami Chatterjee
- Koushik Chatterjee
- Ming-Tang Chen
- Yongjun Chen
- Paul M. Chesler
- Ilje Cho
- Pierre Christian
- John Conway
- James M. Cordes
- T. M. Crawford
- Geoffrey B. Crew
- A. Cruz-Osorio
- Jordy Davelaar
- Mariafelicia De Laurentis
- Roger Deane
- Jessica Dempsey
- Gregory Desvignes
- Jason Dexter
- Sheperd S. Doeleman
- Ralph Eatough
- Heino Falcke
- Joseph R. Farah
- Vincent L. Fish
- Ed Fomalont
- H. Alyson Ford
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas
- Per Friberg
- C. M. Fromm
- A. Fuentes
- Peter Galison
- Charles F. Gammie
- Roberto García
- Olivier Gentaz
- Boris Georgiev
- Roman Gold
- José L. Gómez
- A. I. Gómez-Ruiz
- Minfeng Gu
- Mark Gurwell
- Michael H. Hecht
- Ronald Hesper
- Luis C. Ho
- Paul T. P. Ho
- Mareki Honma
- Chih-Wei Locutus Huang
- Lei Huang
- David H. Hughes
- Shiro Ikeda
- Makoto Inoue
- Sara Issaoun
- David J. James
- Buell T. Jannuzi
- Michael Janssen
- Britton Jeter
- Wu Jiang
- Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
- Michael D. Johnson
- Taehyun Jung
- Mansour Karami
- Ramesh Karuppusamy
- Mark Kettenis
- Dong-Jin Kim
- Jongsoo Kim
- Junhan Kim
- Jun Yi Koay
- Yutaro Kofuji
- Patrick M. Koch
- Shoko Koyama
- Michael Kramer
- Carsten Kramer
- Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Tod R. Lauer
- Aviad Levis
- Yan-Rong Li
- Zhiyuan Li
- Michael Lindqvist
- Rocco Lico
- Greg Lindahl
- Jun Liu
- Kuo Liu
- Elisabetta Liuzzo
- Wen-Ping Lo
- Andrei Lobanov
- Laurent Loinard
- Colin J. Lonsdale
- Nicholas R. MacDonald
- Jirong Mao
- Nicola Marchili
- Daniel P. Marrone
- Alan P. Marscher
- Ivan Marti-Vidal
- Satoki Matsushita
- Lynn D. Matthews
- Lia Medeiros
- Karl M. Menten
- Izumi Mizuno
- Yosuke Mizuno
- James M. Moran
- Kotaro Moriyama
- Monika Moscibrodzka
- Cornelia Müller
- Gibwa Musoke
- Alejandro Mus Mejías
- Hiroshi Nagai
- Neil M. Nagar
- Masanori Nakamura
- Ramesh Narayan
- Gopal Narayanan
- Iniyan Natarajan
- Antonios Nathanail
- Roberto Neri
- Chunchong Ni
- Aristeidis Noutsos
- Hiroki Okino
- Héctor Olivares
- Gisela N. Ortiz-León
- Tomoaki Oyama
- Feryal Ozel
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo
- Nimesh A. Patel
- Ue-Li Pen
- Dominic W. Pesce
- Vincent Piétu
- Richard Plambeck
- Aleksandar PopStefanija
- Oliver Porth
- Felix M. Pötzl
- Ben Prather
- Jorge A. Preciado-López
- Dimitrios Psaltis
- Hung-Yi Pu
- Ramprasad Rao
- Mark G. Rawlings
- Alexander W. Raymond
- Luciano Rezzolla
- Angelo Ricarte
- Bart Ripperda
- Freek Roelofs
- Alan E. E. Rogers
- Eduardo Ros
- Mel Rose
- Arash Roshanineshat
- Helge Rottmann
- Alan L. Roy
- Chet Ruszczyk
- Kazi L. J. Rygl
- S Sanchez
- David Sánchez-Arguelles
- Tuomas Savolainen
- F. Peter Schloerb
- Karl-Friedrich Schuster
- Lijing Shao
- Zhi-Qiang Shen
- Des Small
- Bong Won Sohn
- Jason Soohoo
- He Sun
- Fumie Tazaki
- Alexandra J Tetarenko
- Paul Tiede
- Remo P. J. Tilanus
- Michael Titus
- Kenji Toma
- Pablo Torné
- Tyler Trent
- Efthalia Traianou
- Sascha Trippe
- Ilse van Bemmel
- Huib Jan van Langevelde
- Daniel R. van Rossum
- Jan Wagner
- Derek Ward-Thompson
- John F. C. Wardle
- Jonathan Weintroub
- Norbert Wex
- Robert Wharton
- Maciek Wielgus
- George N. Wong
- Qingwen Wu
- Doosoo Yoon
- A. Young
- Ken H. Young
- Ziri Younsi
- Feng Yuan
- Ye-Fei Yuan
- J. Anton Zensus
- Guang-Yao Zhao
- Shan-Shan Zhao
- Filippo DAmmando
- M. Orienti
- H. Abdalla
- R. Adam
- Felix Aharonian
- F. Ait Benkhali
- E. O. Angüner
- C. Arcaro
- C Armand
- T. Armstrong
- H. Ashkar
- Michael Backes
- V. Baghmanyan
- V. Barbosa Martins
- A. Barnacka
- M Barnard
- Y. Becherini
- D. Berge
- K. Bernlöhr
- B. Bi
- Markus Böttcher
- C. Boisson
- J. Bolmont
- M. de Bony de Lavergne
- M. Breuhaus
- François Brun
- Pierre Brun
- M. Bryan
- M. Büchele
- T. Bulik
- T. Bylund
- S. Caroff
- A. Carosi
- Sabrina Casanova
- T. Chand
- A. W. Chen
- Garret Cotter
- M. Curyło
- J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye
- I. D. Davids
- J. Davies
- Christoph Deil
- J. Devin
- P. deWilt
- L. Dirson
- A. Djannati-Ataï
- A. Dmytriiev
- A Donath
- V. Doroshenko
- C. Duffy
- J. Dyks
- K. Egberts
- F Eichhorn
- Sabrina Einecke
- G.Emery
- J.P. Ernenwein
- K. Feijen
- S. J. Fegan
- A. Fiasson
- G. Fichet de Clairfontaine
- Gilles Fontaine
- Seb. Funk
- M. Füßling
- S. Gabici
- Y. A. Gallant
- G. Giavitto
- L Giunti
- D. Glawion
- J. F. Glicenstein
- D. Gottschall
- M.-H. Grondin
- J. Hahn
- M. Haupt
- G. Hermann
- J. A. Hinton
- Werner Hofmann
- C. Hoischen
- T. L. Holch
- M Höller
- M. Hörbe
- Dieter Horns
- D. Huber
- Marek Jamrozy
- D. Jankowsky
- Felix Jankowsky
- A. Jardin-Blicq
- V Joshi
- I. Jung-Richardt
- E. Kasai
- M. A. Kastendieck
- K. Katarzynski
- U. Katz
- D. Khangulyan
- B. Khélifi
- S. Klepser
- W. Kluźniak
- Nu. Komin
- R. Konno
- K. Kosack
- D. Kostunin
- M. Kreter
- Giovanni Lamanna
- A. Lemière
- M. Lemoine-Goumard
- J.-P. Lenain
- C. Levy
- T. Lohse
- I. Lypova
- J. Mackey
- J. Majumdar
- D. Malyshev
- V. Marandon
- Paolo Marchegiani
- A. Marcowith
- A. Mares
- G. Martí-Devesa
- Ramin Marx
- G. Maurin
- P. J. Meintjes
- Manuel Meyer
- R. Moderski
- M Mohamed
- L. Mohrmann
- A. Montanari
- C. Moore
- P. Morris
- E. Moulin
- J. Müller
- T. Murach
- K. Nakashima
- A. Nayerhoda
- M. de Naurois
- H. Ndiyavala
- F. Niederwanger
- Jacek Niemiec
- Louise Oakes
- P. T. OBrien
- H Odaka
- S. Ohm
- L. Olivera-Nieto
- E. de Oña Wilhelmi
- M. Ostrowski
- M. Panter
- S. Panny
- R. D. Parsons
- G. Peron
- B. Peyaud
- Quentin Piel
- S. Pita
- V. Poireau
- A. Priyana Noel
- D. A. Prokhorov
- H. Prokoph
- Gerd Puhlhofer
- M. Punch
- Andreas Quirrenbach
- R. Rauth
- P. Reichherzer
- A. Reimer
- Olaf Reimer
- Q. Remy
- M. Renaud
- Frank M. Rieger
- L. Rinchiuso
- C Romoli
- Gavin Rowell
- B. Rudak
- E Ruiz Velasco
- V. Sahakian
- S. Sailer
- David Sanchez
- Andrea Santangelo
- M. Sasaki
- M. Scalici
- H.M. Schutte
- Ullrich Schwanke
- S. Schwemmer
- M. Seglar Arroyo
- M. Senniappan
- A. S. Seyffert
- N. Shafi
- K. Shiningayamwe
- R Simoni
- Atreyee Sinha
- H. Sol
- A. Specovius
- S. Spencer
- M. Spir-Jacob
- Łukasz Stawarz
- L. Sun
- R. Steenkamp
- C. Stegmann
- S. Steinmassl
- C. Steppa
- Tadayuki Takahashi
- T. Tavernier
- Andrew M. Taylor
- Regis Terrier
- D. Tiziani
- M. Tluczykont
- L. Tomankova
- C. Trichard
- M. Tsirou
- R. Tuffs
- Yasunobu Uchiyama
- D. J. van der Walt
- C. van Eldik
- C van Rensburg
- B. van Soelen
- G. Vasileiadis
- J. Veh
- Christo Venter
- Pascal Vincent
- J. Vink
- H. J. Völk
- T. Vuillaume
- Z. Wadiasingh
- S. J. Wagner
- J Watson
- F. Werner
- R White
- A. Wierzcholska
- Yu Wun Wong
- A. Yusafzai
- Michael Zacharias
- R. Zanin
- D. Zargaryan
- Andrzej A. Zdziarski
- A. Zech
- S. J. Zhu
- J. Zorn
- S. Zouari
- N. Zywucka
- V. A. Acciari
- S. Ansoldi
- L. A. Antonelli
- A. Arbet Engels
- M. Artero
- Katsuaki Asano
- D. Baack
- Ana Babić
- A. Baquero
- U. Barres de Almeida
- J. A. Barrio
- J. Becerra González
- W. Bednarek
- L. Bellizzi
- E. Bernardini
- M. Bernardos
- A. Berti
- J. Besenrieder
- W. Bhattacharyya
- C. Bigongiari
- A. Biland
- O. Blanch
- Giacomo Bonnoli
- Z. Bosnjak
- G. Busetto
- R. Carosi
- G. Ceribella
- M. Cerruti
- Y. Chai
- A. Chilingarian
- S. Cikota
- S. M. Colak
- E. Colombo
- J. L. Contreras
- J. Cortina
- Stefano Covino
- G. D’Amico
- V. D’Elia
- P. Da Vela
- F. Dazzi
- A. De Angelis
- B. De Lotto
- M Delfino
- Jose Miguel Delgado
- C. Delgado Mendez
- D. Depaoli
- F. Di Pierro
- L. Di Venere
- E. Do Souto Espiñeira
- D. Dominis Prester
- A. Donini
- Daniela Dorner
- Michele Doro
- D. Elsaesser
- V. Fallah Ramazani
- A. Fattorini
- G. Ferrara
- M. V. Fonseca
- Lluís Font
- Christian Fruck
- Satoshi Fukami
- R. J. García López
- M. Garczarczyk
- S. Gasparyan
- M. Gaug
- N. Giglietto
- F Giordano
- P. Gliwny
- Nikola Godinovic
- J. G. Green
- D. Green
- D. Hadasch
- A Hahn
- L Heckmann
- J. Herrera
- J. Hoang
- Dario Hrupec
- M. Hütten
- Toshiaki Inada
- Susumu Inoue
- K. Ishio
- Y. Iwamura
- I. Jiménez
- J. Jormanainen
- Lea Jouvin
- Y Kajiwara
- M. Karjalainen
- D. Kerszberg
- Y. Kobayashi
- Hidetoshi Kubo
- Junko Kushida
- A. Lamastra
- D. Lelas
- F. Leone
- Elina Lindfors
- S. Lombardi
- Francesco Longo
- R. López-Coto
- M. Lopez-Moya
- A. López-Oramas
- S. Loporchio
- B Machado de Oliveira Fraga
- C. Maggio
- P. Majumdar
- M. Makariev
- M. Mallamaci
- G. Maneva
- Marina Manganaro
- K. Mannheim
- L. Maraschi
- M. Mariotti
- M. Martínez
- D. Mazin
- S. Menchiari
- S. Mender
- S. Micanovic
- D. Miceli
- T.Miener
- M. Minev
- J. M. Miranda
- R. Mirzoyan
- E. Molina
- A. Moralejo
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- V Moreno
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- K. Nilsson
- K. Nishijima
- Koji Noda
- S. Nozaki
- Y. Ohtani
- T. Oka
- J. Otero-Santos
- S. Paiano
- M. Palatiello
- D. Paneque
- R. Paoletti
- J. M. Paredes
- L. Pavletic
- P. Peñil
- C. Perennes
- M. Persic
- P. G. Prada Moroni
- E. Prandini
- C. Priyadarshi
- Ivica Puljak
- W. Rhode
- M. Ribó
- J. Rico
- C. Righi
- A. Rugliancich
- L. Saha
- N. Sahakyan
- Tomoki Saito
- S. Sakurai
- K. Satalecka
- F. G. Saturni
- B. Schleicher
- K. Schmidt
- T. Schweizer
- Julian Sitarek
- I. Snidaric
- Dorota Sobczyńska
- A. Spolon
- Antonio Stamerra
- D. Strom
- M. Strzys
- Y. Suda
- Tihomir Surić
- M. Takahashi
- Fabrizio Tavecchio
- P. Temnikov
- Tomislav Terzić
- Masahiro Teshima
- L. Tosti
- S. Truzzi
- A. Tutone
- S. Ubach
- J. van Scherpenberg
- G. Vanzo
- M. Vazquez Acosta
- S. Ventura
- V. Verguilov
- C. F. Vigorito
- V. Vitale
- I. Vovk
- Martin Will
- C. Wunderlich
- Darko Zarić
- C B Adams
- W. Benbow
- A. Brill
- M. Capasso
- J. L. Christiansen
- A. J. Chromey
- M. K. Daniel
- M. Errando
- K.A. Farrell
- Q. Feng
- J. P. Finley
- Lucy Fortson
- A. Furniss
- A Gent
- C. Giuri
- Tarek M. Hassan
- O. Hervet
- J. Holder
- G. Hughes
- T. B. Humensky
- W Jin
- P. Kaaret
- M. Kertzman
- David Kieda
- S. Kumar
- M. J. Lang
- M. Lundy
- Gernot Maier
- P. Moriarty
- R. Mukherjee
- D. Nieto
- M. Nievas Rosillo
- S. O'Brien
- R. A. Ong
- A. N. Otte
- S. Patel
- K. Pfrang
- M. Pohl
- R. R. Prado
- E. Pueschel
- J. Quinn
- K. Ragan
- P. T. Reynolds
- D. Ribeiro
- G. T. Richards
- E. Roache
- C. B. Rulten
- J.L. Ryan
- M. Santander
- G. H. Sembroski
- R. Shang
- A. J R Weinstein
- David A. Williams
- T. J. Williamson
- Tomoya Hirota
- Lang Cui
- Kotaro Niinuma
- Hyunwook Ro
- Nobuyuki Sakai
- Satoko Sawada-Satoh
- Kiyoaki Wajima
- Na Wang
- Xiang Liu
- Yoshinori Yonekura
Abstract: In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M ⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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