Description of a Lung Cancer Hotspot: Disparities in lung cancer histology, incidence, and survival in Kentucky and Appalachian Kentucky

ABSTRACT Introduction : Kentucky is recognized as the state with the highest lung cancer burden for more than two decades, but how lung cancer differs in Kentucky relative to other US populations is not fully understood. Patients and Methods : We examined lung cancer reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program by Kentucky and the other SEER regions for patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2016. Our analyses included histologic types, incidence rates, stage at diagnosis and survival in Kentucky and Appalachian Kentucky relative to other SEER regions. Results : We found that both squamous cell carcinomas and small cell lung cancers represent larger proportions of lung cancer diagnoses in Kentucky and Appalachian Kentucky than they do in the SEER registries. Furthermore, age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were higher in Kentucky for every subtype of lung cancer examined. Most significantly, for Appalachian females the rate of small cell carcinomas was 3.5-fold higher, and for Appalachian males the rate of squamous cell carcinoma was 3.1-fold higher, than the national rates. In Kentucky, lung cancers were diagnosed at later stages and lung cancer survival was lower for adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinomas than in SEER registries. Squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas were most lethal in Appalachian Kentucky. Conclusions : Together, these data highlight the significant disparities among lung cancer cases in the US and demonstrate the continuing high burden and poor survival of lung cancer in Kentucky and Appalachian Kentucky. Strategies to identify and rectify causes of these disparities are discussed.