Niche conservatism promotes speciation in cycads: the case of Dioon merolae (Zamiaceae) in Mexico.

2020
: Niche conservatism is the tendency of lineages to retain the same niche of their ancestors. It constrains biological groups and prevents ecological divergence. However, theory predicts that niche conservatism can hinder gene flow, strengthen drift and increase local adaptation: does it mean that it also can facilitate speciation? Why does this happen? We aim to answer these questions. We examined the variation of chloroplast DNA, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, morphological traits, and environmental variables across the Dioon merolae cycad populations. We tested geographic structure, scenarios of demographic history, and niche conservatism between population groups. Lineage divergence is associated with the presence of a geographic barrier consisting of unsuitable habitats for cycads. There is a clear genetic and morphological distinction between the geographic groups, suggesting allopatric divergence. However, even in contrasting available environmental conditions, groups retain their ancestral niche, evidencing niche conservatism. Niche conservatism is a process that can promote speciation. In D. merolae, lineage divergence occurred because unsuitable habitats represented a barrier against gene flow, incurring populations to experience isolated demographic histories and disparate environmental conditions. This study explains why cycads, despite their ancient lineage origin and biological stasis, have been able to diversify into modern ecosystems worldwide.
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