Managing diabetes during pregnancy. Guide for family physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a guide family physicians can use to interpret current evidence on treating women with pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to develop a model for managing these patients. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: A MEDLINE search from January 1980 to December 2002 found randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and descriptive studies that had conflicting results regarding screening recommendations. Studies of intensive insulin therapy were predominantly large RCTs (level I evidence). Glycemic targets and guidelines for monitoring pregnant women are based primarily on consensus statements from large national societies. MAIN MESSAGE: Most pregnant women should be screened for GDM. Good glycemic control during pregnancy reduces congenital anomalies and stillbirths. Women failing to meet glycemic targets should be referred to multidisciplinary teams and considered for insulin therapy. Intensive insulin therapy reduces the risk of macrosomia and might reduce cesarean section rates and other serious outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite controversy, family physicians can follow a plan for managing diabetic patients during pregnancy that is supported by the best available evidence.