The association between active tobacco use during pregnancy and growth outcomes of children under five years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Despite considerable global efforts to reduce growth faltering in early childhood, rates of stunting remain high in many regions of the world. Current interventions primarily target nutrition- specific riskfactors, but these have proven insufficient. The objective of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between active tobacco use during pregnancy and growth outcomes in children under fiveyears of age.