Human and biophysical legacies shape contemporary urban forests: A literature synthesis
2018
Abstract Understanding how
urban forestsdeveloped their current patterns of
tree canopycover, species composition, and diversity requires an appreciation of historical legacy effects. However, analyses of current
urban forestcharacteristics are often limited to contemporary socioeconomic factors, overlooking the role of history. The institutions,
human communities, and
biophysicalconditions of cities change over time, creating layers of legacies on the landscape, shifting
urban foreststhrough complex interactive processes and feedbacks. Urban green spaces and planted trees can persist long after their establishment, meaning that today’s mature canopy reflects conditions and decisions from many years prior. In this synthesis article, we discuss some of the major historical human and
biophysicaldrivers and associated legacy effects expressed in present
urban forestpatterns, highlighting examples in the United States and Canada. The
bioregionalcontext – native biome, climate, topography, initial vegetation, and pre-urbanization land use – represents the initial conditions in which a city established and grew, and this context influences how legacy effects unfold. Human drivers of legacy effects can reflect specific historical periods: colonial histories related to the symbolism of certain species, and the urban parks and civic
beautificationmovements. Other human drivers include phenomena that cut across time periods such as neighborhood urban form and socioeconomic change.
Biophysicallegacy effects include the consequences of past disturbances such as
extreme weatherevents and pest and disease outbreaks. Urban tree professionals play a major role in many legacy effects by mediating the interactions and feedbacks between
biophysicaland human drivers. We emphasize the importance of historical perspectives to understand past drivers that have produced current
urban forestpatterns, and call for interdisciplinary and mixed methods research to unpack the mechanisms of long-term
urban forestchange at intra- and inter-city scales.
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