Specific PET Imaging of xC− Transporter Activity Using a 18F-Labeled Glutamate Derivative Reveals a Dominant Pathway in Tumor Metabolism

Purpose: 18 F-labeled small molecules targeting adaptations of tumor metabolism possess the potential for early tumor detection with high sensitivity and specificity by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Compounds tracing deranged pathways other than glycolysis may have advantages in situations where 2-[ 18 F]fluoro- 2-deoxy-d-glucose(FDG) has limitations. The aim of this study was the generation of a metabolically stable 18 F-labeled glutamate analogue for PET imaging of tumors. Experimental Design: Derivatives of l-glutamate were investigated in cell competition assays to characterize the responsible transporter. An automated radiosynthesiswas established for the most promising candidate. The resulting 18 F-labeled PET tracer was characterized in a panel of in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Tumor specificity was investigated in the turpentineoil-induced inflammation model in rats. Results: A fluoropropyl substituted glutamate derivative showed strong inhibition in cell uptake assays. The radiosynthesiswas established for (4 S )-4-(3-[ 18 F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (BAY 94-9392). Tracer uptake studies and analysis of knockdown cells showed specific transport of BAY 94-9392 via the cystine/glutamate exchanger designated as system xC − . No metabolites were observed in mouse blood and tumor cells. PET imaging with excellent tumor visualization and high tumor to background ratios was achieved in preclinical tumor models. In addition, BAY 94-9392 did not accumulate in inflammatory lesions in contrast to FDG. Conclusions: BAY 94-9392 is a new tumor-specific PET tracer which could be useful to examine system xC − activity in vivo as a possible hallmark of tumor oxidative stress. Both preclinical and clinical studies are in progress for further characterization. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 6000–11. ©2011 AACR .