Frontotemporal Dementia and Psychiatric Illness: Emerging Clinical and Biological Links in Gene Carriers

Objective To describe psychiatric presentations in individuals with genetic mutations causing frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Design Case descriptions from five carriers of FTD-related gene mutations with symptoms associated with non-neurodegenerative psychiatric disease. Setting A comprehensive research program investigating genetic and non-genetic FTD at the University of California, San Francisco Memory and Aging Center. Participants Three proband and two non-proband gene carriers. Measurements Medical history and neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance and/or positron emission tomography imaging, and a genetic analysis to screen for dementia-related mutations. Genetic status was unknown at the time of initial evaluation. Results The chosen cases are illustrative of the variety of presentations of psychiatric symptoms in FTD gene carriers. In some cases, a non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness was diagnosed based on specific symptoms, but the diagnosis may have been inappropriate based on the overall syndrome. In other cases, symptoms closely resembling those seen in non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness did occur, in some cases immediately preceding the development of dementia, and in other cases developing a decade prior to dementia symptoms. Conclusions Psychiatric symptoms in FTD gene carriers can be very similar to those seen in non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness. Psychiatric symptoms with atypical features (e.g., late-life onset, insidiously worsening course) should prompt careful assessment for neurodegenerative disease. Guidelines for such an assessment should be established.