Cardiovascular translational biomarkers: translational aspects of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure in drug development in the digital era

Abstract Biomarkers are essential in the development of drugs against cardiovascular diseases. Conventional biomarkers are biochemical or imaging biomarkers, but the advent of new technology has made it possible to track a host of vital and behavioral parameters everywhere and at any time. In this chapter, three indications (hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure) are profiled against the use of major biomarkers in drug development, and derived learnings are applied to a fourth one in the form of a case study involving atrial fibrillation.