Partial decoupling from the temperature size rule by North Sea copepods

In temperate seas, multi- voltine copepodsshow a pronounced seasonal variability in body size, which affects both their reproductive capacity and their accessibility to size-selective predators. Here, we studied seasonal changes of female prosome length from six common copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, Centropages typicus, Paracalanus parvus, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Temora longicornisbetween 2000 and 2005 at the time series station Helgoland Roads, southern North Sea. We observed no significant effect of food (measured as phytoplankton carbon content) with size of adult females. Moreover, in none of the species investigated was prosome length significantly correlated with temperature when considering the whole year. Instead, all species had a period of temperature-related size, but for the size distribution during the rest of the year we distinguished two groups of species. Group1 ( Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, and Pseudocalanus elongatus) had a resting phase with females of the same size persisting for > half a year, while in group 2 the time after the temperature-related phase was characterized by irregular size distributions. A female resting phase of Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, and Pseudocalanus elongatushas been hitherto unknown. Size distribution control after the temperature-related phase in group 2 is as yet not understood, but the awakening/hatching of resting eggs and/or copepodids may be found to be involved.