Advances in myelodysplastic syndrome.

Purpose of review In this review, the focus is on the most recent improvements in diagnosis, prognostication and therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and on their relevance for clinical management. Recent findings Analytical methods to refine cytogenetic and molecular assessment of MDS have been proposed, improving prognostic stratification obtained from integration of clinical and genomic data. Novel agents with very different mode of action, as single drugs or added to HMA backbone, show promising clinical results in LR-MDS and HR-MDS. Luspatercept has obtained approval given the fact that in transfusion-dependent erythropoietic-stimulating agent resistant/relapsed LR-MDS induced nearly 50% of transfusion independence. Another investigational agent showing efficacy and possibly disease modifying activity in the same setting is the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat. Results from phase II study with azacytidine and pevonedistat indicate the concrete possibility to enhance durable responses compared with azacitidine single drug. In the same direction are the preliminary results of other agents with different mode of action: magrolimab, venetoclax, sabatolimab, as well as the targeted therapy with enasidenib and ivosidenib. New posttransplant maintenance strategies may concur to prolong response. Summary Better diagnosis and prognostic stratification may allow a more precise and personalized treatment of MDS with novel agent combinations leading to improved therapeutic algorithms.