Role of the Gut Microbiota in Parenteral Nutrition-associated Liver Disease: From Current Knowledge to Future Opportunities.

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) refers to a spectrum of conditions which can develop cholestasis, steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis in the setting of PN use. Patient risk factors include short bowel syndrome, bacterial overgrowth and translocation, disturbance of hepatobiliary circulation, and lack of enteral feeding. A growing body of evidence suggests an intricate linkage between gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of PNALD. In this review, we highlight current knowledge on the taxonomic and functional changes in the gut microbiota that might serve as non-invasive biomarkers. We also discuss the function of microbial metabolites and associated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of PNALD. By providing the perspectives of microbiota-host interactions in PNALD for basic and translational research and summarizing current limitations of microbiota-based approaches, this review paves the path for developing novel and precise microbiota-based therapies in PNALD.