Current Vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent Vitamin D deficiency: A position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society

Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) 10% of Europeans. The European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS) advises that the measurement of serum 25(OH) D be standardized, for example, by the Vitamin D Standardization Program. Risk groups include young children, adolescents, pregnant women, older people (especially the institutionalized) and non-Western immigrants. Consequences of Vitamin D deficiency include mineralization defects and lower bone mineral density causing fractures. Extra-skeletal consequences may be muscle weakness, falls and acute respiratory infection, and are the subject of large ongoing clinical trials. The ECTS advises to improve Vitamin D status by food fortification and the use of Vitamin D supplements in risk groups. Fortification of foods by adding Vitamin D to dairy products, bread and cereals can improve the Vitamin D status of the whole population, but quality assurance monitoring is needed to prevent intoxication. Specific risk groups such as infants and children up to 3 years, pregnant women, older persons and non-Western immigrants should routinely receive Vitamin D supplements. Future research should include genetic studies to better define individual vulnerability for Vitamin D deficiency, and Mendelian randomization studies to address the effect of Vitamin D deficiency on long-term non-skeletal outcomes such as cancer.