Establishing operando diffraction capability through the study of Li-ion (de) intercalation in LiFePO4

Abstract We have used a laboratory diffractometer to perform operando X-ray diffraction on LiFePO4 during electrochemical cycling in a coin cell fitted with a Kapton window. The results obtained are in good agreement with previous studies, verifying that extraction of Li from LiFePO4 follows dual-phase solid solution behaviour, with neither LiFePO4 nor FePO4 maintaining a static composition during deintercalation.