L-arginine ameliorates defective autophagy in GM2 gangliosidoses by mTOR modulation

Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases (GM2 gangliosidosis) are autosomal recessive disorders of lysosomal function that cause fatal and progressive neurodegeneration in infants and young children. Impaired hydrolysis catalysed by {beta}-hexosaminidase A (HexA) leads to the accumulation of its specific substrate, GM2 ganglioside, in neuronal lysosomes. Despite the development of a florid storage phenotype, the role of autophagy and its regulation by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has yet to be explored in the neuropathogenesis. Accordingly, we investigated the effects on autophagy and lysosomal integrity using skin fibroblasts obtained from patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. Pathological autophagosomes, with enhanced expression of the p62/SQSTM1 protein, suggested impaired autophagic flux, an abnormality confirmed by electron microscopy and biochemical studies revealing the accelerated release of mature cathepsins and HexA into the cytosol, indicating increased lysosomal permeability. GM2 fibroblasts showed inappropriately diminished mTOR signalling with reduced basal mTOR activity. Accordingly, provision of a positive nutrient signal by L-arginine supplementation partially restored mTOR activity and ameliorated the cytopathological abnormalities - and immediately suggests an avenue for therapeutic exploration in this cruel disease. We also contend that the expression of autophagy/lysosome/mTOR-associated molecules may prove useful peripheral biomarkers for facile monitoring of systemic treatment of GM2 gangliosidosis and neurodegenerative disorders that affect the lysosomal function and disrupt autophagy