The risks : How diversion occurs and what it looks like

This chapter provides for some, examples of risk and vulnerability indicators. Sixteen model risks sit across four categories: direct transfer, misappropriation, fees and taxation and vlue chain diversion. A direct transfer risk materialises when one is associated with, beneficially owned, controlled by, or contains persons working with diversionaries. Misappropriation risks arise when the traditional methods of dishonesty are used to benefit diversionaries – including fraud, theft, deception, and manipulation. The distinction between operating fees and access payments is one of formality – operating fees might be those required at relatively high levels, or with an elevated degree of sophistication, for an International Non-Government Organisation to operate (INGOs) in a particular place. Operating fees are payable to diversionaries in order for INGOs to obtain ‘authorisation’ to operate in areas controlled, to a greater or lesser extent, by the diversionary.