Metabolic markers for differentiation between renal allograft rejection and immunosuppressant toxicity in rat urine

Introduction Although current immunosuppressive protocols have dramatically improved 1-year survival of kidney transplants, there has been less progress in terms of long-term graft survival over the last two decades. The key to avoiding late graft loss is early diagnosis and differentiation between anti-allograft immune processes and immunosuppressant toxicity (IS-Tox). Modern bioanalytical technologies have opened new opportunities for the development of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. There is an immediate need for biomarkers that are able to differentiate between renal allograft rejection and immunosuppressant toxicity.