Temporal and spatial response of Holocene temperature to solar activity

Abstract Based on the latest database, we analyze the characteristics of the changing trends of sunspot number (SSN) and temperatures of the global mean surface (GMST) as well as six latitude bands during the Holocene, aiming to explore the long-term responses of the Holocene temperatures to solar activity. We adopt two methods, i.e., the 300-year moving average and the singular spectrum analysis to obtain the long-term trends of signals. We find that the average changes in the amplitude of temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) (3.65 °C) was greater than that in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) (1.28 °C) during the entire Holocene. There was one peak of temperatures (at 6500 BP) and two peaks of solar activity (at 4500 BP and 2000 BP) during our study interval. Spatially, the temperatures in the NH were more sensitive to solar forcing than those in the SH, especially in the latitude bands of 0°–30°N and 60°N-90°N. Moreover, the latitude band 0°-30°N had the strongest correlation with solar activity (C.C. = 0.38 for the 300-year moving average and C.C. = 0.55 for the singular spectrum analysis, p