Structure, diversity and health of Sierra Nevada red fir forests with reestablished fire regimes

The reestablishment of natural fire regimesmay benefit forest ecosystems by restoring their fundamental structural, compositional or functional attributes. We examined the influence of fire on the structure, understorey diversity and health of red fir ( Abies magnifica) forests by comparing burned and unburned stands in 22 separate, paired fires of Yosemite, Sequoiaand Kings Canyon National Parks and the Giant SequoiaNational Monument. Burned red fir plots were characterised by lower tree densities and canopy cover, restored spatial heterogeneityand higher understorey species richness than unburned plots. Densities of large trees and large snagsand red fir regeneration were similar between burned and unburned sites. Forest health indicatorswere similar between burned and unburned sites, and red fir crown loss ratings were primarily associated with topographic variables indicative of increased moisture stressor reduced soil moisture availability (i.e. lower elevations, south-facing slopes). Our results suggest that fire does not improve the health of red fir trees especially in areas of greater moisture stress, but it can restore red fir forest structure, increase understorey diversity and enhance adaptive capacityin landscapes with reestablished fire regimes.