Ghrelin’s Novel Signaling in Islet β-Cells to Inhibit Insulin Secretion and Its Blockade As a Promising Strategy to Treat Type 2 Diabetes
2012
Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino acid peptide, was isolated from the stomach and circulating
ghrelinis produced predominantly in the oxyntic mucosa of stomach. In addition to its unique role in regulating mealtime hunger and lipid metabolism, we here review the physiological role of
ghrelinin the regulation of insulin release and glucose metabolism.
Ghrelinis expressed in
pancreatic isletsand released into pancreatic microcirculation.
Ghrelininhibits insulin release in mice, rats, and humans. The signal transduction mechanisms of
ghrelinin
isletβ-cells are very unique, being distinct from those utilized for growth hormone release. Pharmacological and genetic blockades of
islet-derived
ghrelinmarkedly augment glucose-induced insulin release in vitro. In high-fat diet-induced mildly obese mice,
ghrelin-deficiency enhances insulin release and prevents
impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, manipulation of insulinostatic function of
ghrelin–
growth hormone-secretagogue receptorsystem, particularly that in
islets, could optimize the amount of insulin release to meet the systemic demand, providing a potential therapeutic application to prevent type 2 diabetes.
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