Lysogeny in nature: mechanisms, impact and ecology of temperate phages

Viruses that infect bacteria (phages) can influence bacterial community dynamics, bacterial genome evolutionand ecosystem biogeochemistry. These influences differ depending on whether phages establish lytic, chronic or lysogenicinfections. Although the first two produce virion progeny, with lytic infections resulting in cell destruction, phages undergoing lysogenicinfections replicate with cells without producing virions. The impacts of lysogeny are numerous and well-studied at the cellular level, but ecosystem-level consequences remain underexplored compared to those of lytic infections. Here, we review lysogeny from molecular mechanisms to ecological patterns to emerging approaches of investigation. Our goal is to highlight both its diversity and importance in complex communities. Altogether, using a combined viral ecology toolkit that is applied across broad model systems and environments will help us understand more of the diverse lifestyles and ecological impacts of lysogensin nature.