Gene expression signatures as candidate biomarkers of response to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancers.

Although anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy has achieved clinical success in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), definitive predictive biomarkers remain to be elucidated. In this study, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of pretreatment tumor tissue samples and pretreatment and on-treatment whole blood samples (WB) samples obtained from a clinically annotated cohort of NSCLC patients (n = 40) treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) monotherapy. Using a single-sample gene set enrichment scoring method, we found that the tumors of responders with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD, n = 20) are inherently immunogenic to promote antitumor immunity, whereas those with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC, n = 18) have a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These findings suggested that nivolumab may function as a molecular targeted agent in LUAD and as an immunomodulating agent in LUSC. In addition, our study explains why the reliability of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells as a predictive biomarker for the response to nivolumab monotherapy is quite different between LUAD and LUSC.