The Tyrrhenian Intermediate Water (TIW): Characterization and formation mechanisms

Abstract This work focuses on the Tyrrhenian IntermediateWater, a water masspresent in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea), which approximately lies between 100 m and 200 m of depth, and is characterized by a local minimum of temperature. Here, for the first time, a thorough investigation of the Tyrrhenian IntermediateWater has been performed, based on the analysis of long time series of observations (XBT, Argofloat, dissolved oxygen data) and on modeling results. It was found that this water is present in a large part of the Tyrrhenian basin, and is a persistent feature of the basin hydrology. It is formed by winter convection, with some differences between the southern part of the basin and the northern part, where strong winter cooling produces deeper convection and mixing. The process of formation of the Tyrrhenian IntermediateWater has been investigated in detail, through the analysis of the experimental datasets, of dedicated numerical experiments with a one-dimensional mixed layer model, and of the outputs of a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. Such analysis has excluded remote contributions from intermediatewaters produced in the western portion of the Western Mediterranean basin. On the other hand, the presence of the Tyrrhenian IntermediateWater has been found to impact not only the Tyrrhenian Sea hydrology, but also that of the adjacent Liguro-Provencal basin, because this water massoutflows from the Corsica Strait, and is transported as far as the Gulf of Lion, in the core of the region where deep waters are formed. Recent changes in the properties of this intermediate water masshave also been highlighted, which result from the warming of the neighboring water layers.