Evaluating Metal Criticality for Low-Carbon Power Generation Technologies in Japan

Given a potential increase in low-carbon powergeneration, assessing the criticalityof metals used for its technologies is of significant importance. While several studies analyzed the metal criticalityof an individual technology, the national metal criticalityfor a wide range of low-carbon powergeneration technologies and the comparison of overall criticalityof each technology have yet to be fully evaluated. Therefore, this study firstly evaluates the criticalityof 29 metals used in facilities for renewable energy and highly efficient thermal power generation in Japan and then compares the overall criticalityfor each technology to identify metals that might impose limitations on these technologies and to discuss measures for removal of factors hindering the spread of low-carbon powergeneration technologies. It was discovered that solar power generation technology is the most criticaltechnology from the perspective of supply risk due to the use of indium, cadmium and selenium, while wind power generation is the most criticaltechnology from the perspective of vulnerability to supply restriction because of the use of neodymium and dysprosium. A developed approach would have a significant potential to contributing to energy-mineral nexus, which may assist in providing policy implications from the perspectives of both specific metals and technologies.