One hundred priority questions for landscape restoration in Europe

We present the results of a process to attempt to identify 100 questionsthat, if answered, would make a substantial difference to terrestrial and marine landscape restoration in Europe. Representatives from a wide range of European governmental and non-governmental conservation organizations, universities, independent ecologists and land managerscompiled 677 questionsrelating to all aspects of European landscape restoration for nature and people. The questionswere shortlisted by an email vote, followed by a two-day workshop, to produce the final list of 100 questions. Many of the final questionsevolved through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questionsare divided into eight sections: conservation of biodiversity; connectivity, migration and translocations; delivering and evaluating restoration; natural processes; ecosystem services; social and cultural aspects of restoration; policy and governance; and economics. We anticipate that these questionswill help identify new directions for researchers and policy-makers and assist funders and programme managers in allocating funds and planning projects, resulting in improved understanding and implementation of landscape-scale ecological restoration in Europe.