Benefits of meeting nutrient reduction targets for the Baltic Sea - a contingent valuation study in the nine coastal states

This paper presents the results of an internationally coordinated contingent valuationstudy on the benefits of reducing marine eutrophicationin the BalticSea according to current policy targets. With over 10,500 respondents from the nine coastal states around the sea, we examine public willingness to pay (WTP) for reduced eutrophicationand its determinants. There are considerable differences in mean WTP between countries, with Swedes being willing to pay the most and Latviansthe least. The aggregate annual WTP is approximately €3600 million. In addition, we find that countries are heterogeneous in terms of the effects of income, attitudes and familiarity on WTP. Income elasticities of WTP are below 1 for all countries, ranging between 0.1 and 0.5. Attitudes and personal experience of eutrophicationare important determinants of WTP, but the specific effects differ between countries. The findings can be used in economic analyses for the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directiveand to justify additional eutrophicationreduction measures in the BalticSea.