Spatial and temporal scales matter when assessing the species and genetic diversity of springtails (Collembola) in Antarctica
2019
Seven species of
springtail(Collembola) are present in Victoria Land, Antarctica and all have now been sequenced at the
DNA barcodingregion of the mitochondrial
cytochrome c oxidase subunit Igene (COI). Here, we review these sequence data (n = 930) from the GenBank and
Barcodeof Life Datasystems (BOLD)
online databasesand provide additional, previously unpublished sequences (n = 392) to assess the geographic distribution of COI variants across all species. Four species (Kaylathalia klovstadi,
Cryptopyguscisantarcticus, Friesea grisea and C. terranovus) are restricted to northern Victoria Land and three (Antarcticinella monoculata,
Cryptopygusnivicolus and Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni) are found only in southern Victoria Land, the two biogeographic zones which are separated by the vicinity of the Drygalski
Ice Tongue. We found highly divergent lineages within all seven species (range 1.7 – 14.7%) corresponding to different geographic locations. Levels of
genetic divergencefor the southern Victoria Land species Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni, the most widespread species (~ 27,000 km2), ranged from 5.9% to 7.3% at sites located within 30 km, but separated by glaciers. We also found that the spatial patterns of
genetic divergencediffered between species. For example, levels of divergence were much higher for
Cryptopygusterranovus (> 10%) than for Friesea grisea ( 5%) populations and over 87% of the total genetic variation (based on AMOVA) on either side of a single, 16 km width glacier. Collectively, these data provide evidence for limited dispersal opportunities among populations of
springtailsdue to geological and
glaciologicalbarriers (e.g. glaciers and
ice tongues). Some locations harboured highly
genetically divergentpopulations and these areas are highlighted from a conservation perspective as well as avoiding human-
mediated transportbetween sites. We conclude that species-specific spatial and temporal scales need to be considered when addressing ecological and physiological questions as well as conservation strategies for Antarctic Collembola.
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