Astro2020: Unleashing the Potential of Dust Emission as a Window onto Galaxy Evolution

We present the severe, systematic uncertainties currently facing our understanding of dust emission, which stymie our ability to truly exploit dust as a tool for studying galaxy evolution. We propose a program of study to tackle these uncertainties, describe the necessary facilities, and discuss the potential science gains that will result. This white paperwas submitted to the US National Academies' Astro2020 Decadal Survey on Astronomyand Astrophysics.