Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Human Blood at Frequencies Below 100 kHz with Four-electrode Probe Method

Electrical conductivity of blood at low frequencies is fundamental for medical electromagnetic applications, such as pulsed field ablation of cardiac tissue. There are several studies in the literature reporting conductivity measurements of blood. However, knowledge of this data at frequencies below 100 kHz is limited due to measurement challenges, including electrode polarization. Electrode polarization is generally reduced by using a four-electrode probe method. For this reason, in this study, we used a low-cost four-electrode probe to measure the conductivity of $N=9$ human blood samples to electrically characterize human blood between 100 Hz and 100 kHz. The measured conductivity data is in good agreement with the data from the literature, showing that such a low-cost probe is suitable for measurements of blood conductivity. This study introduces a simple and low-cost four-electrode probe as a practical tool for measurements of electrical conductivity of human blood at lower frequencies and helps to fill the gap in the knowledge of electrical conductivity of human blood.