Surgical Treatment and Its Prognosis for Extra-lobar Pulmonary Sequestration Without Foregut Communication

Extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration (ELS) has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. When symptomatic, open or endoscopic sequestrectomy is indicated for its treatment with little objection. When asymptomatic, the natural course and appropriate treatment of ELS are controversial. In addition to surgery, transcatheter arterial embolization or continued observation is the therapeutic option for asymptomatic ELS. While surgery is curative in majority of patients, less invasive management is preferable, especially for asymptomatic ELS. Close and long-term follow-ups should be performed for patients who have avoided sequestrectomy.