Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope image quality improvement initiative: thermal assay of the observing environment

As part of the image quality (IQ) assessment and improvement initiative being carried out at the 3.6m Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, our objective in the work reported here is to obtain a systematic assay of thermal sources within the domeand in the summitenvironment around the observatory, and therefore mitigate their contributions to convective instabilityleading to ' domeseeing'. Toward this, we undertook a nighttime overflight to capture thermal images with a calibrated infrared camera of the outer structures of CFHT and the neighboring observatorieson the summitridge, as well as of a significant area of the surrounding terrain. The same thermal camera was then used to image heat sources within the dome. Using a convective heat transfer model, all these measured surface temperatures were converted to heat fluxes, and thus used to build a thermal assay of the dome. In addition, using button type temperature loggers, we simultaneously recorded the nighttime domeskin temperatures of CFHT and two other observatoriesover a weeklong period to evaluate nighttime supercooling of the domeskin due to radiation to the cold night sky. As a complementary goal we compared the efficacy of different paints and coatings used in observatoriesto minimize this effect. Though similar studies have been carried out at other observatories, the results are rarely available in published literature. Therefore, here we explain our methodologies, along with a detailed discussion of our results and inferences to serve as a useful resource to the larger observing community.