Structural and functional characterization of a plant alpha-actinin

The Australian tree malletwood (Rhodamnia argentea) is unique. The genome of malletwood is the only known plant genome that contains a gene coding for an α-actinin-like protein. Several organisms predating the animal-plant bifurcation express an α-actinin or α-actinin-like protein. Therefore, it appears that plants in general, but not malletwood, have lost the α-actinin or α-actinin-like gene during evolution. In order to characterize its structure and function, we synthesized the gene and expressed the recombinant R. argentea protein. The results clearly show that this protein has all properties of genuine α-actinin. The N-terminal actin-binding domain (ABD), with two calponin homology motifs, is very similar to the ABD of any α-actinin. The C-terminal calmodulin-like domain, as well as the intervening rod domain, are also similar to the corresponding regions in other α-actinins. The R. argentea α-actinin-like protein dimerises in solution and thereby can cross-link actin filaments. Based on these results, we believe the R. argentea protein represents a genuine α-actinin, making R. argentea unique in the plant world.