The effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch on alcoholic liver disease revealed by RNA sequencing.

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance The root of Gentiana dahurica Fisch (called Qin-Jiao in China), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used in China to treat alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but there has been no scientific report on the treatment of ALD. Aim of the study To investigate the therapeutic effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch ethanol extract (GDEE) on ALD and to reveal its possible mechanism of action using RNA sequencing. Materials and methods The model of ALD was established by continuous gavage with alcohol in mice, and GDEE was used to treat ALD. Pathological observation (HE staining, oil red O staining) and biochemical indicators were performed to evaluate liver tissue lesions and efficacy of GDEE. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues was carried out to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALD and the mechanism of hepatoprotective effect by GDEE. The RNA sequencing results were verified by detecting mRNA and protein expressions of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase α (Acacα), fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Results Measurements of biochemical parameters showed that GDEE could inhibit the increased transaminase activities in the serum and lipid levels in the liver caused by alcohol. It was observed that GDEE could alleviate fatty degeneration, edema and cell necrosis caused by alcohol in the liver tissue. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues found that 719 genes and 1137 genes were significantly changed by alcohol and GDEE, respectively. GDEE reversed most of the changes in triglycerides synthesis-related genes up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated most of the genes involved in the fatty acid degradation in ALD mice, while alcohol had little effect on them. In addition, GDEE suppressed most of the genes involved in cholesterol synthesis that were up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated genes related to bile acid synthesis in ALD mice, and down-regulated genes related to bile acid reabsorption, while alcohol had no significant effect on genes related to bile acid metabolism. In the validation experiments, the Acacα, Fasn and Cpt1a expressions quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. Conclusions GDEE can alleviate liver damage and steatosis in ALD mice, and its mechanism of action may be related to the process of regulating triglycerides and cholesterol.